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Schweipolt Fiol (also Sebald Vehl or Veyl; born approximately in 1460? - died 1525 or 1526) was a German-born 15th century pioneer of printing in Eastern Europe, founder of the Slavic Cyrillic script typography. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown. Fiol spent a considerable part of his life in Poland, particularly Kraków, the capital of the Polish Kingdom at the time. The city was famous for its university. The burgeoning of the arts and sciences contributed to the early emergence of book printing here: as early as 1473-1477 there was a print shop in Kraków, which published numerous theological works. Fiol was a multifaceted and gifted man: he worked as a mining engineer and jeweler, and then took over a print shop. It is this print shop, owned by Fiol, which first published in Cyrillic such Eastern Slavic religious books as Horologion, Octoechos, and the two Triodi. The very first book printed in Cyrillic script, ''Oktoikh'' (Octoechos), was published by Fiol in 1491 in Kraków.〔(Treasures of the National Library - Moscow ), retrieved on November 3, 2007.〕 ==Biography== The exact date of his birth is unknown. He was born in Neustadt an der Aisch in Franconia. Then he moved to Kraków in 1479 and was soon enrolled in a department of Goldsmiths. He worked as a gold embroiderer ((ドイツ語:perlenhaftir)).〔Мастера perlenhaftir вышивали ткани золотом и серебром и украшали их драгоценными камнями〕〔''Галенчанка Г.'' Фіёль // Вялікае Княства Літоўскае. — Т. 2: Кадэцкі корпус — Яцкевіч. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя П.Броўкі, 2005. — 788 с.: іл. — с. 702. ISBN 985-11-0378-0. 〕 On March 9, 1489, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir issued Fiol the privilege to the invention of a machine for pumping water from mines.〔 The invention has been under interest of a wealthy merchant and banker John Thurzo (1437-1508), who owned a number of mines, including the lead mines in Olkusz. Subsequently Thurzo, with the Kraków patrician Jan Teshnarom had sponsored Fiol's printing house. To start printing it was necessary to cut out the appropriate Cyrillic script. On October 26, 1489 Fiol signed a contract with Karbesom Jacob, who pledged to "engrave letters and adjust font Russian." At the same time, he went to Nuremberg, probably in order to make punches and matrices for the subsequent embossing. Documentary evidence about Fiol referred to on September 18, 1490: Fiol accused Johann and Nikolaus Svedlera of Neuburg of the theft of paper kept in his workshop in Kraków. Later, in turn, they filed for Fiola to court for libel. However, evidences was not provided by Fiol, but he said he saw the theft with his own eyes. The court's decision in this case was unknown. The final version of the Cyrillic script and some of the letters commissioned by Fiol was cut out by student of Kraków University, Rudolf Borsdorf from Braunschweig who quickly supplied Fiol with 230 completely finished and adjusted letters and superscript icons (''Ludolfus Ludolfi de Brunszwyczk'').〔 We also know that Rudolph pledged not to make such fonts for anyone else, even for himself, and not teach how to make them, as Fiol did not want to let someone else print Church Slavonic books.〔( Ісаєвич Я. Початки кириличного друкарства // Українське книговидання: витоки, розвиток, проблеми. — Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2002. — 520 с. — с. 88-91 )〕 Famous German poet and humanist Conrad Celtis, lived in the years 1489-1491 in Kraków, and in his works, supported Fiols' publishing.〔(American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 18, No. 4, Dec., 1959, Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies ISSN: 10497544 )〕 In July 1491 Fiol pleaded with Mr. Otto for money. On August 1, 1491 the book printer was convicted and sent to prison on November 21. Fiol was released with a bail of 1000 Hungarian florins, provided by his patrons.〔 On March 22, 1492 Fiol was convicted of heretical statements. On March 27, 1492 the master was justified in ecclesiastical court, perhaps due to the intercession of John Thurzo. On January 13, 1492 the Archbishop of Gniezno, Jan Thurzo had recommended him to refrain from sharing and printing Russian books.〔 From 1502 Fiol lived in Reichenstein, and later moved to the town of Levoca, where he was mining. In his last years he lived in Kraków, living on a pension granted to him by the Thurzo family. Schweipolt Fiol died at the end of 1525 or early 1526.〔 Fiol was married to Margaret, the eldest daughter of a wealthy citizen of Kraków, Nicholas Lyubchitsa. Since Margaret is not mentioned in the will from May 7, 1525, we can assume that either she died before or at this point, they were divorced.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Schweipolt Fiol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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